IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The 
tot^ 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 
D 
D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 


Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^! 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais.  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6x6  film^es. 


L'Institut  a  microfiimA  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


□ 

n 

D 

n 

n 
n 

n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peiliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es.  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  {'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  6t6  fiimdes  6  nouveau  de  fa9on  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  mage  possible. 


The 
post 
of  t» 
film! 


Orig 
begi 
the  I 
sion 
othe 
first 
sion 
or  ill 


The 
shall 
TINl 
whi( 

IVIap 
difffl 
entir 
begi 
right 
requ 
metl 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


lire 

details 
jes  du 
modifier 
jer  une 
filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  hat  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Qu6bec 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iteeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  it  la 
ginArositi  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Quebec 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


6es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^4^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernldre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


re 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  11  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


y  errata 
ad  to 

nt 

ne  pel u re, 

ipon  d 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

i 

i 

4 

5 

6 

•38: 
,W2 


COMMERCIAL  RELATIONS  WITH  (  ANADA  AND  EXTENSION 
OF  MARKETS  FOR  OUR  PRODUCTIONS. 


By  a  continental  and  truly  American  system,  we,  who  occupy  a  central 

position  between  the  North  and  South,  should  not  only  satisfy 

our   own   wants,  but,  through  being  the  merchants 

ar.d  carriers  for  our  neighbors  on  both  sides, 

derive  larger  profits  than  any  of  them. 


SPEECH 


OF 


HON.  ELIJAH  WARD, 

OF    JSTETV    YORK, 
IN  THE 

HOUSE  OF   REPRESENTATIVES, 

February  21,    1877. 


I  look  forward  to  that  time  in  the  not  distant  future  when  a  truly  fraternal 
comity  shall  prevail  throughout  this  continent,  from  that  habitable  part  of 
it  which  is  nearest  to  the  arctic  regions  to  the  tropics,  and  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  when  this  sentiment  shall  find  its 
natural  expression,  not  in  lawless  and  desolating  expeditions  or 
hostile  inroads  of  any  kind,  but  be  manifested  and  continually 
increased  by  those  peaceful  exchanges  of  the  products  of 
human  industry  which  yield  profitable  employment  and 
make  homes  happy.     Nature  herself,  in  the  varieties 
of  chmate  and  resources,  has  provided  for  this  plan 
by  permanent  and  beneficial  laws,  against  which  we 
make  our  temporary  and  destructive  statutes.  * 


)^' 


^''-^^ 


%   * 


.-^.itt-J 


WASHINGTON: 

CONGRESSIONAL     RECORD. 
1877. 


$■ 


P3S2.7/ 
W2llc 


I 


-N^ 


-N^. 


< OMMEKCIAI.  Rli!.ATI()N>  U  ITU  r.\S\l).\   WD  EX Tli NSION 
<)l'   MARKETS  1M)K  oL  R  l'Ri;bLC'I  IONS. 

J!y  n  CDiitinoiUal  ami  truly  Amciicaii  «y>icm,  wo,  wlio  occupy  a  cciural 

po.siiion  between  tlie  Xuitli  aud  South,  shouM  not  only  .-^ati^fy 

our   own    wants,   but,   througli  being   the  merchants 

ard  carriers  for  our  ucighliors  on  both  --iiles, 

florivc  larger  prdlit,  tlian  any  of  tln.ni. 


SPEECH 

HON.  ELIJAH  WARD 

OF    JS'EM'     VOR]v, 

HOUSE   ()!•    REPRIiSKXTATn'ES, 

J^EBRUARY     2  1,     iStJ. 


I  liiok  forward  to  that  time  in  the  ni.t  distant  fu'.ure  wlien  a  truiy  fraternal 
comity  shall  prevail  tliroughoul  this  continent,  fri^in  that  liabitable  [)art  of 
it  which  is  nearest  to  the  arctic  regions  to  the  tropics,  and  from  tlie  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  when  this  sentiment  shall  find  its 
natural  expression,  not  in  lawless  and  desolating  expeditions  or 
hostile  inroads  of  any  kind,  but  be  manifested  and  continually 
increased  by  tliose  peaceful  exchanges  of  the  products  of 
human  "'ndustrv  n-hii-h  "ie','1  r.rofi;.i'l  le  pm.nlovir.ent  ami 
make  "liGpies  ^'Kipps.     ?>a,ure' aciself  -n  the,  Varieties 
of  cliiila'te'  hiiVl'iVsf.uVccs,  has  "pn'vided  Cov  tins  plan 
by,^)c,rn)r'ne,in.art('i  J)fenef;civ.Pav*>-,  agMus't  h-liich  we 
inUe'(}i.r't^jir!]-)c>i-ary    ui.l  dcstrucdve  sta.utf-. 


W  A  S  H  I  X  G  T  O  N  : 

CONGRESSIO.VAL     RECORD. 


1877. 


«         ■  •    •     .     • 


I'.iiiiiiicriial  IM.itioiiv  uitli  rli-  Itciiiiuioii ».( ("aiiad.i  .iinl  !li.>  lAtciisi-m 
cf  Market-  loi' (iiir  I'mduclioiis. 


SPKECH 


or 


TTOX.  J5LIJAI-I  AVAIiD. 


i 


/I 


i 


On  tlH'  jciiit  n  Milatioii  lU.  It.  No.  lli  iimvidiu;:  fur  tlio  ni>i)(iiiitniriit  of  ('i.iiriiix 
»ii(iii(  IS  t(i  tdiifr-i  uitli  ■.iiiiiliii  rniiiini-Ni.iiicis  aiiiMiiiitfil  li.v  (iniil  liiitiiiii  nini  :w 
ctitiiiii  on  wliat  liusis  a  miuitally  liinriiii.il  iicaiyot'  .(iiiuii.icc  bttwicii  ;lio 
I'liitt-d  Stati-s  and  Canada  can  !»■  in'^otiaHil. 

Mr.  ^^  AlJl).  Mr.  .*^iiciikcr,  to  tliDsc  wlut  n'o;;ir<l  nnr  coiunifrcial  vr- 
lan.'iis  witli  C.'iiiada  cdiapreliensivfly  and  in  a  national  si»irit,  without 
nndii"  bias  from  minor  matttTs  of  inort-ly  local  or  special  intcrost,  it 
is  sutiliciciit  for  me  to  i-ojut  out  the  resiiective  <;tM)orai>hical  positions 
of  iht;  ri.itr.l  .States  and  tlio  Dominion,  and  thu  extent  of  the  latter 
country.  A  straight  line  dr.iwn  from  the  northern  honndary  of 
Maine,  near  tlie  heudwatfrs  of  thi-  Saint  .John's  Kiver,  to  D.troit, 
wouM  pass  .'ntirely  ihrou-h  Canadian  territory.  We  are  enaltled 
mor.M  leariy  to  estimate  tlie  extent  of  this  line,  whieli  issmall  in  eom- 
liarison  witli  our  northern  frontier,  when  we  .see,  as  we  may  on  refer- 
ence to  any  map  of  this  cimtineut.  that  if  continued  for  tli<- same 
leno'th  onward  from  Detroit  into  the  Unitet'  ^'tates,  it  would  reach  a 
considerable  distance  southerly  from  the  p'.  :  ■  where  the  Arkansas 
Kiver  Hows  into  tlie  Mississijipi,  and  liiat  if  e.  tended  directly  south 
from  Detroit  it  would  vea- h  nearly  to  Tallahassee  or  the  CJnlf  of 
Mexico. 

IJeo-arded  from  another  i)oint  of  view,  it  maybe  seen  that  the  part 
of  the  Canadian  teriitory  south  of  aline  drawn  from  the  northern 
bound.'iries  of  Maine  and  Minnesota  would  exceed  in  breadth  the 
States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa,  and  would  be  equal  in 
area  not  only  to  those  States,  but  in  addition  to  large  portionsof  Ne- 
braska,.Missouri,  Kentucky,  Kansas,  and  Arkansas.  Acountry  of  these 
va.st  dimensions,  and  under  alien  commercial  laws,  exists  between  all 
the  New  England  States,  New  York.  Peuiisylvania,  and  Ohio,  on  one 
side,  and  Micliigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  all  the  region  west  of 
them  on  the  (jther.  An  equal  area  extended  southerly  would,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  miles,  separate  by  a  broad  barrier  all  onr  territory 
noi-th  and  cast  of  any  point  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 


63310 


ion  fr(iiii;ill  flinsc  |i,iitsof  till'  rn'mii  wliicli  jiir  imrl Invest  ot'  it.  Wliat 
crjiniiii'iciiil  iiilviiiifiiyo  wctiilil  ni»f  ciicli  Slate  lu-ic  :t'  (Jcoi  ni;i,  di,.  ( •;,!. 
oliiiiis,  \ir;^iiiia.  ami  I'miiss  Ivaiiia  wcit'  tliiiM  widely  .".epaiiited  lioiii 
MiN«issi|nii,  Missouri,  nml  all  that  jiait  n|'  tlio  Cniteil  State-,  west  ni 
them,  and  deprived  of  t'liU  inid  lice  eommeieial  iiiteiediiise  w  ith  the 
iliterveiiiii;;  ie<;iuii  ?  The  enimtrv  thus  sepa  rati  ii;^  t  hese  vaiiuiis  States, 
it'  cniiiiiiorcially  isolated  as  far  as  (,'amida  m>\v  is,  would  not  only  ceaso 
to  Ik'  so  vast  a  source  of  permanent  and  hoiioiahle  prolit  to  the  other 
partsof  the  I'nion,  hut  would  itself,  liy  its  isolation,  sull'ir  in  a  ;nreati'i 
proportion  than  the  others.  Siieli  is  the  iimtual  injury  eontiinially 
illllictfitl  on  tho  peo)de  of  Ixitil  ennntlies  hy  the  ohslaeles  to  the  fl'ee 
exchanj^eof  the  ]uodiie',sof  industry  in  the  I'nited  States  and  Canada. 
Its  liatl  eiieets  would  he  more  <'ouspieuons  than  those  of  the  ima;iin- 
ary  eomlitiou  1  have  endeavored  todeseiihe  if  tlu;  heiielitsof  uniiam- 
meled  commercial  intenouise  hail  e\  iv  Keen  enjoyed.  If  to  i  iiai  pait 
of  Canada  which  alone  I  iia\e  l'idu;;ht  under  eonsidcialinn  we  add 
the  imjtoi'tant  ma li time  juov  iiice>n|  Xcw  J'.run*wi(  U  and  Now i  .Scotia, 
and  Manitoli.a  and  the  iiiime!i>e  irii;tor,\  oi  tji,'  noiihwe^t  interior, 
and  on  the  I'aciiic  coast,  the  loss  niutii.illy  .-.usiaiued  i>  >eiii  to  he  yet 
iiuu'e  vast  ami  to  he  coiiiinuallv  iiicreasin''. 


N.iMKAi.  im!:;''I.I'i:nm:\'  i:  c!    iin;  l'mii;;'  ^i  m;>  aM' 


\\.' 


Many  considerations  demons; rati'  the  inipoitance  of  the  f^ee^:  pn^- 
sihle  imiiorts,  exjiiu'ts.  and  traii.sit  het ween  the  Tnited  Stales  and 
Camnhi.  Not  only  does  our  warmer  climate  eiiahle  u>  to  prndme 
many  articles  not  ea>il\- or  proliialily  ;4rown  in  Canada,  yet  necessary 
for  tlie  comfort  of  her  peojde  and  for  which  she  can  give  us  valuahle 
exchanges  nee(h'd  in  the  daily  life  of  our  citizens  and  as  material 
for  the  manufactures  we  export,  hut  our  rivers,  railroads,  and  canals 
are  the  only  direct  means  she  has  of  communicating  with  southern 
regions,  while  unfettered  transit  through  her  territory  and  the  per- 
petnally  free  navigation  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  are  conspicuous  w.mis 
of  the  Western  and  Eastern  Slates.  The  jieople  of  Canada,  sju'img 
from  the  same  nations  of  v>estern  Europe  as  those  whence  we  derive 
our  origin,  have  all  the  characteristics  of  a  commercial,  enterprising, 
and  lU'ogre-ssive  uat'on,  however  its  manifestations  may  have  heeii 
retarded  hy  isolation  from  flu;  remainder  of  the  continent, ami,  favored 
by  the  resources  of  a  new  and  hi'oad  territory,  their  products  ami  ex- 
ports are  of  greater  value  than  those  of  a  poi)ulation  of  equal  niiui- 
her  Init  of  any  other  race  in  the  world.  Already,  though  with  in- 
habitants numbering  less  than  one-twentieth  [lart  of  tho.se  of  Russia, 
Canada,  yet  a  colony  or  ])o.ssessi(Ui  of  Great  Britain,  occupies  the 
fourth  if  not  the  third  rank  among  the*  nations  of  the  world  in  the 
luagnituile  of  her  cimimercial  marine,  In  the  general  eilncationof 
the  people  lundern  Canada  is  unsur[»as>ed.    Se]>arated  as  t'.iey  are  hy 


1 


llif  AtLiiitlu  iiml  riiiillc  OiH';iii>  irniii  tlif  ii;itiiiii>  ui  t lif  "  Mil  Wmlil 
iiiiil  iiijifviii);  till'  yt't  s]i;;litly  (lf\  cldpfd  ailvaiita^r^  i>t  thcii  iniiiili.v. 
tli'ii  lattsiif  till'  wa;;i'-.i>f  lalmr  aif  on  till- vvhiilc  not  w'ulcl.v  <liiifrcnt 
trinii  (inr  own.  I'lom  tl.i- mtaffi  jiart  ol'  tlio  Canailian  M-ttl(Mniit>. 
ami  at  an  avcraK*-'  cost  not  tai  il.it  all  excee<liii;^  that  of  tin'  wa^fi  ol 
an  artisan  for  ii  sin;,'lt'  ilay,  a  man  may  come  to  the  I'nitiMl  Staff* 
where  he  ran  earn  smh  \va;:eH  a-i  are  ]iaiil  here  and  enjoy  the  ail\  iin- 
ta;;eH  of  ie|iiihli(  an  in.-.iitntion''.  In  addition  to  thi-^e  eon>idiiatioii-, 
Canada  is  on  t  he  w  hoh'  a  forest  and  farnnn;^  conntiy,  ready  not  only 
to  sell  ns  many  of  the  Imlky  art  ielts  we  need  for  eonimon  use  or  fore\- 
jiortaiion  Imt  also  to  receive  in  return  those  mannfaetnres  of  wliich 
nnder  the  |)oliey  wo  have  adopted  we  have  a  lar;;t'  sarphn,  and  l>ir 
which  we  iiave  not  yet  fonnd  sntlicieiit  nnirkets. 

Ir  has  followed  ns  a  mattei  of  <  onrse,  from  tht!  re!ati\('  positions  (d' 
the  I'nited  States  and  Canada  and  the  distance  of  hotii  from  1  inrop'- 
and  Asia  witli  thfir  dense  popnhilions,  tiiat  their  counnercial  rr!a- 
ti<tns  have  en^a;ied  the  attention  of  the  most  sa;;acions  statesmen  and 
tnerciiants  of  our  conntry  from  the  hei^inninj;- of  its  history  to  tlie 
present  time  ;  ami  the  advoc.iTes  of  the  most  lihcral  ami  intimate  sys- 
tem of  ex(  iiaiiLces  witii  tlie  Canadians  have  heeii  coniined  to  no  party, 
lint  havr  included  in  their  niinilier  pintectionists  as  well  as  free- 
trader-. TIm'  advantu^rs  which,  nnder  a  system  of  Just  and  fair  rc- 
ciiirocity,  nnr  own  citizens  in  id  the  ]ieopleof  the  Dominion  would  mn- 
tnally  >;ive  and  receive  are  at  least,  in  jiroportioii  to  their  respective 
]icpnlations.  as  valnalde  as  those  wliich  any  States  or  ^imnpsof  States 
confer  upon  eacli  other  by  the  nniiinited  freedom  of  trader  between 
them,  ami  these  benetits  are  amonn;  the  ffreatest  derived  from  the 
Union  and  are  the  stronj^est  bond  for  its  jireservation  and  perjietnity. 
The  barriers  to  intercourse  between  our  citi/eus  and  the  Camnlians 
are  wholly  artiticial,  the  re.snlts  of  hiiimiii  law,  and  can  easily  be  re- 
move<l  by  nnitiial  aj-feenient  and  appropriate  legislation. 

iin\v  I  ram:  wnn  i  waha  is  Ki.iiAiai.n. 

During-  the  last  twelve  months  the  chief  commcvcial  bodies  through- 
out the  Northern  States  have  passed  re.scdutions  earnestly  in  favor  of 
the  motion  now  liefore  this  House  for  the  aiijiointmcnt  of  c|;'aiiiis- 
sioners  by  tlie  United  States  and  on  the  part  of  Camid.i.  h.i-ough 
Gn>at  liritain.  to  in<|nire  and  ascertain  by  niurual  investigation  and 
conference  how  far  it  is  practicabh'  toextend  our  commerce  with  the 
Dominion. 

Ill  the  States  upon  our  northern  frontier  the  advantages  of  an  ex- 
tension of  our  trade  with  Canada  are,  with  perhaps  a  few  local  ex- 
ceptions, highly  apjireciated  by  all  thinking  commercial  men.  A 
more  complete  system  of  the  exchange  of  the  products  of  labor  be- 
tween  the  two  ccjuntiies  is  warmly  desired  by  the  jicoplc  of  Xew 


Diijil.iiiil  ,it  I. II;,'. '—a  -iiiiiriciit  i>rtn»r  fliiit  ,t  \Miiilil  nut  ininif  iMir 
Jiiaiiiil'artiiio,  Imt  wmiM  iimri-  to  tlnir  liciit'lU.  Tlu'clnsf  cuiiti^vuify 
ul' Ni'W  Kii;^l.iiiil  on  liir  iiiiitlifiM  ami  tM*ttrn  Ihnimlarii's  tn  Caiiaila 
;;i\  fs  Iht  pi'Kplf  aiiipli'  oiiportnnitit'-i  I'nr  ,iii(|;.'ini{  a(  <'niiift'ly  as  to  tin- 
practii'al  I'tVcct  III'  ici'iprn.jil 'tr:nlt' ;  ami  tin-  intrlli;;!'!!!!'  and  luiMtH 
tit  sliicwil  ami  ciiicl'iil  <  alriilatinii  picv  alint  in  New  Kn^laml  '^ivc 
assurance  tliat  \wv  cliii'l' iiini  of  l•lI•^in^'^■^  aii' rdialilf  antliniitii  s  on 
this  .siilijici.  Tln.'ii'  vifws,  as  lut'sciitrd  liy  oiu-  of  tin-  IrailiiMj;  ini-in- 
liofs  of  till-  liiistoii  1  {on I'll  of  'I'ladc  and  in  siiltstami'  appliraMf  to 
iuarl\  all  ilii- Noitlurn  Statt's,  niv  tinoiiiiivoi'ally  that  Ni-w  Kn;:laiiil  i.s 
jurrally  intfiistcd  in  tln' <|ni'sf  ion  of  ii-cipiocity.  Ilrr  prnplc  di  |ii'ml 
laiyrly  fof  tlit'ir  sMccrss  and  snliNi-tcncf  upon  Itcini;'  aldr  to  iiiann- 
fa  ft  nil'  as  cheaply  as  they  can.  Tlicy  t  liinl;.  and  none  can  contradnt 
tlicni.  that  the  prime  necessities  of  lite,  fmd  and  fooil,  sli.mld  lie  snp- 
plied  to  theii'  lalini  in^-nieii  at  the  lowest  inaclicalde  cost. 

i\  m:vv  i:n.,i.\\ii. 
The  (ill/ens  of  Xew  Ijij;laml.  Unowiiijj;  that  hct  ween  them  ainl  the 
Canadians  there  are  no  l>airicis  »>xccpr  thoso  of  an  aitilii.ial  natnie, 
reuard  their  nei;;hliors  in  the  jifovincesas  tin  ir  initnial  of  lenitinniti* 
cnstomers.  'I'he  representatives  of  the  Ijosion  JJoard  of 'J'rade  assert 
that  I  he  people  of  Massa<lmsei  t  s  are  deeply  impii'ssed,  as  many  others 
are  in  all  parlsof  our  conn  try.  m  it  h  the  fact  that  difiieultie.^  ami  di'ine- 
elation  are  hesett in j;' every  hranch  of  indn>tr\ .  These  form ida hie  dis- 
asters are  not  conllned  to  their  j^reat  cities,  l>nt  c\  en  in  the  small  inaii- 
iifacturin;;  towns  also  are  found  pooide  .seekiui;-  for  worlc.  and  tho 
;;eneral  cry  is.  "It  is  our  trade  relations  that  are  w  ronij  and  un-onml; 
what  have  yon  to  suiiufst  to  lift  us  out  of  this  slou;;h  of  despond  ?'' 
The  most  ohvious  reined;,  for  all  this  distress  i?  to  increase  the  sales 
of  manufactures  to  ouriieiuhliors  and  the  supply  of  raw  ma  ti  ■rial'-  fnmi 

them. 

IN  m;w  v"KU. 

Tho  chief  commercial  associations  in  tho  city  ami  State  of  New 
York  siihstanlially  ami  emphatically  concur  in  the  views  presented 
l»y  the  hoard  of  trade.  The  people  of  that  State,  likt;  those  of  every 
other  comiuercial  and  manufacturing  part  of  the  Union,  siifVer  liy 
the  S'  'usionof  Canadian  products  from  our  markets  ami  the  restric- 
tions ui»on  tlie  exportation  of  our  manufactured  articles  of  fon-ign 
origin  to  Canada.  Through  duties  ou  Canadian  grain,  we  cut  olf  ,iu 
enormous  trade  which  would  naturally  and  with  mutual  benclii,  to 
the  pcr)ple  of  both  countries  i)ass  throiigh  our  territory,  paying  freight 
to  ownersof  ourrailroads  audcauals  and  giving  work  and  wages  to  vast 
multitudes  of  men  now  in  need,  ami  adtling  to  the  profits  of  otu'  ship- 
pers and  merchants,  besides,  through  increased  employment,  enlarg- 
ing the  demand  for  the  agricultural  and  other  products  of  the  regions 
through  which  they  pass.    What  in  these  respects  is  true  of  the  city 


} 


;iiiil  Statt)  of  N'l'vv  Vnrk  is  ulno  tliii-  of  I*liilii<lt'!|iiiia  aii>l  lliiltiiiinif 
.iinl  tlir  StatiMuf  i'fMiixylvaiiia  ami  Maiylainl.  rii>'  latiti,  niuH'  if- 
iiiMti'  Irtiiii  (';iii:iila,  lia\r  not  •»>  clearly  jtfii civi'il  tin-  aihaiitam-i  of 
)ii'in}{  eiiaMi'il,  with  fiwir  or  diminiHlinl  iiiipi-iiiiiiriiix.  to  -..11  to  ln>i 
llic  |>i-()iliirts  uf  tlirir  \vork>.lio|iH  or  tlnir  iiii|>oii><  fiom  Kiiihim-  and 
llif  ifyioiis  of  till'  iio])ifs.  Wailroadi.  now  ^i\  iiiy  siuli  ca-y  accfv, 
from  l(aliiiiiori>  ami  riiilailt'I|iliia  to  tin-  interior  of  tlinoiitim-iit.  hiivi- 
|ila<!t'(l  witliiii  tli'iritarli  new  ail\  atilaycsas  ri'ji.inU  tradf  with  Canada 
which  they  (to  not  \ci  adc<|iialcl,\  aiiiUfcialc  'nit  aic  already  of  much 
imjioi  tani  <■  and  vv  ill  cuntinni'  to  iniTciM'  for  rcntiirics  to  <  ome. 

It  is  not  smprisin;;  that  the  mick  !iant>  .iiid  iiKiinifaciiirci-  ol  N.  w 
l!ii;^land  estimate  at  ith  real  im|iortanee  an  extension  of  tiaih'  with 
Camilla,  a  eonntiy  not  only  coiiti;;nons  ti)  tln'ir  own  foi  many  hnn- 
ilrcd.s  of  milcH,  Init  for  a  consideialile  distance  intervenitij;  liefween 
their  territory  and  tlje  ocean,  and  so  near  to  them  that  a  man  may 
stand  w  ith  om-  foot  on  each  side  of  thedividiiii;  line.  Vi'l  a->('anaila 
ii  no  mere  eastern  piiisineo,  hilt  extends  a<  »o-.>  the  continent  from 
tht!  Atlantic  to  the  I'ai  iiic  Ocean,  and  the  hot  ami  most  lertile  parts 
of  the  dominion  are  in  the  interior,  her  trade  is  no  more  important 
to  New  I'^n^laml  than  to  any  other  part  of  the  rnioii.  While  sii;;ar 
oi't'oll'M'.  if  sent  hy  the.Sjiint  l.iawreiice  route  and  tlironi;Ii  <,inehee  and 
Montreal  to  Toronto, must  bo  carried  more  than  tl.iee  tinier  a>  fai  as 
if  heiit  via  New  ^'ol  k  and  at  an  enormously  increased  expense,  the 
■'ame  I'au.scs  operate  con>taiitly  and  must  c\  ei  cont  iiiiie  to  do  so  with 
lejrard  to  lialtiniore,  I'liiladtdphia,  N'ew  ()rleaiis,  jmd  ;ill  other  south- 
ern poit.s  in  eonnectimi  w  it li  West tMii  Ontario,  Manitol)a,  ami  other 
inland  re^iion.s  of  the  Hritisli  po-.ses^lons.  If  .siieh  a  contim.Mital  .sys- 
tem as  1  desire  (o  see  should  1)0  es(al)lisUi'd,  no  cities  would  feel  its 
stimulating'  inlliieiice.s  in  greater  force  than  *^:iiiit  Louis  and  Chicago, 
'i'lie  latter  jierhaiis  would  he  its  liemt  and  cen;ci. 

|:Y  ciiir.iis  wuiioi  T  ni-riv  U"N  mv  i-i.ai  r.  oi:  rAUiv. 

Ihav'e  endeavored  to  ]ii'eseiit  the  facts  in  the  most  simple  foim. 
As  the  resolutimis  I  otVer  in  regard  to  them  have  heeii  approved  liy 
the  various  local  conimereial  bodies  of  the  I'liited  States  to  which 
they  have  been  i>resenfed.  from  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  to  I\_^on, 
without  partisan  considerations,  and,  so  far  as  I  know,  with  .4,'any 
dissentient  voiee,  so  also  were  they  unanimunsly  recomniendi-d  at  the 
last  meetingof  the  National  Board  of  Trade. an  association  which  at- 
tracts to  its  councils  leading  merchants  and  manufacturers  from  all 
parts  of  the  I'liion.  It  includes  alike  among  its  members  free-traders 
and  protectionists.  Several  of  the  latter  took  .special  pains  to  st.ate  in 
explicit  terms  and  tin;  strongest  language  that  they  were  "  i)rotection- 
ists  from  the  soles  of  their  feet  to  the  crowns  of  their  heads.''  but  they  all 
without  any  exception  advocated  the  nneiiuivocal  ami  entire  adoi)tion 


8 


of  tbo  resoliuions  now  Ix'fore  the  IIousl'  iu  favor  of  reciprocity  with 
Caua<la.  The  opportunities  of  gaining  imnieuso  business  advantages 
for  the  people  of  both  countries  are  too  open  and  manifest  to  be  suc- 
cessfully or  candidly  denied  by  any  one  who  iu  a  patriotic  and  national 
spirit  has  made  any  fair  exaniinatiou  of  the  subject.  It  is  entirely  a 
matter  of  business,  partly  in  those  details  with  which  merchants  are 
most  conversant  and  extending  iilso  into  those  more  extensive  principles 
and  arrangements  which  are  based  on  the  broadest  and  most  compre- 
hensive considerations  of  statesmenship.  The  resolutions  simply  pro- 
vide that  a  few  sensible  practical  men,  the  best  we  can  select,  on  our 
side,  shall  meet  others  of  the  same  character  appointed  on  behalf  of 
Canada  and  ascertain  how  far  the  mutual  interests  of  the  people  of 
both  countries  can  be  advanced.  It  is  v:'ertain  that  if  we  are  true  to 
ourselves  we  can  furnish  citizens  who  will  prove  the  equals  of  the 
representatives  of  the  Canadians  in  knowledge,  skill,  and  sagacity, 
and  will  report  to  our  people  whatever  good  c.lu  bo  derived  under 
circumstances  so  favoi'able.  Tlieir  suggestions  will  be  submitted  to 
Congress  and  the  country  and  will  be  of  no  avail  unless  they  obtain 
the  apx)roval  of  the  Xational  Legislature  and  the  enactment  of  appro- 
priate laws.  The  issue  is  not,  as  some  seem  to  think  it  must  be, 
which  side  can  take  the  most  shrewd  advantage  of  the  other,  but 
how  far  the  natural  and  gratuitous  bounties  oirered  by  Providence  to 
the  people  of  botli  countries  can  be  best  developed  for  their  perma- 
nent and  mutual  benefit.  The  resolutions  go  no  further  than  this. 
They  do  not  aim  at  carrying  into  effect  any  special  theory.  The  com- 
missioners intended  to  be  appointed  would  enter  upon  their  inquiries 
and  consultations  without  any  undue  bias  and  with  the  whole  field 
of  investigation  and  conference  open  to  them.  There  are  no  commer- 
cial barriers  between  the  two  peoples  except  those  which  are  created 
by  man  and  can  be  removed  by  umtual  agreement  and  legislation. 

The  question  is,  in  brief,  whether  with  a  conterminous  country,  in- 
habited l»y  people  almost  identical  with  ourselves  in  education,  lan- 
guage, origin,  and  character,  and  where  wages,  controlled  by  the 
necessary  demand  for  labor  in  a  now  country  with  vast  undeveloped 
resources,  do  not  differ  much  from  those  given  and  received  in  the 
Unite.d  States,  we  cannot  profitably  enlarge  the  exchanges  of  our 
prodi.Jis.  The  arguments  of  those  who  oppose  the  resolutions  are 
and  must  be  founded  on  local  and  petty  interests.  Carried  to  their 
logical  conclusions,  they  would  prove  that  it  would  be  better  for  us 
if  an  open  sea  existed  on  the  north  of  the  United  States  instead  of  a 
fertile  country  with  a  population  scarcely  surpassed  in  intelligence, 
enterprise,  and  industry  by  any  on  the  face  of  the  globe. 

CANADA  COMrARED   \'-ITII  THE   HAWAUAX  ISLA-NUS. 

During  the  last  session  of  Congress  a  treaty  for  the  reciprocal  ex- 
trusion of  trade  between  the  United  States  an  I  the  Hawaiian  Islands 


^ 


9 


was  approved  Ijy  Cougress,  aiul  it  has  now  beconie  i)art  of  the  laws 
of  tbe  land.  AlrlKUiifU  its  a(lvanta<?es  were  in  some  defjroe  local  and 
accrued  primarily  and  chielly  to  the  benefit  of  the  Pacitic  States,  the 
welfare  of  each  State  is  so  essentially  an  integral  part  of  that  of  the 
whole  Union,  the  material  gain  derived  by  the  people  at  large  from 
tlie  prosperity  of  each  State  is  so  great  and  manifest,  that  I  gave  the 
treaty  my  warmest  support.  It  provided  for  a  not  unimportant  ex- 
tension of  the  demand  for  our  manufactures. 

Several  military  and  political  considerations  also  prompted  me  to 
advocate  the  measure.  Their  weight  was  duly  appreciated  by  many 
of  an  opposite  political  party  who  hold  what  are  called  i)rotee- 
tionist  doctrines  but  i)erceived  that  they  did  not  apply  to  the  case 
then  under  discussion.  It  should  be  gratifying  to  every  good  and 
thoughtful  citizen  that,  so  far  as  a  few  small  and  remote  islands  in  the 
Pacitic  Ocean  are  concerned,  the  interests  of  our  suffering  people  were 
not  ueglecte«l  and  that  such  legislation  was  adopted  as  is  likely  to 
create  an  increased  demand  for  the  productions  of  their  agricultural 
and  manufacturing  labor,  and,  in  the  far-distant  future  may  confer 
naval  and  military  advantages  on  the  United  States. 

From  every  possible  i)oint  of  view  our  relations  with  the  Hawaiian- 
Islands  shrink  into  absolute  insignificance  when  compared  with 
those  between  the  United  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 
Every  military,  naval,  and  commercial  reason  for  which  it  is  desir- 
able that  we  should  cultivate  intercourse  with  the  far-otl"  islands  of 
the  Paoitlc  applies  in  a  ditlerent  form  but  with  incalculably  increased 
force  to  our  connections  with  our  next-door  neighbors  on  the  nortb. 
The  Hawaiian  Islands  are  distant  some  three  thousand  miles  from 
that  part  of  our  country  which  is  nearest  to  them.  Canada  is  so  near 
to  us  that  for  many  thousands  of  miles  her  territory  is  separated  from 
our  owr  only  by  an  imaginary  or  mathematical  line,  and  a  man  may 
stand  at  his  ease  in  each  country  simultaneously.  This  contiguity  ex- 
tends, not  in  a  straight  line,  but  with  indentations  nearly  doubling 
its  length,  from  one  side  of  the  American  continent  to  the  other  at 
the  broadest  part  of  our  broad  land.  Where  our  countries  do  not 
thus  touch  each  other  they  are  separated  only  by  lakes  and  rivers 
which  in  some  respects  furnish  increased  facilities  for  interc^>^uuni- 
cation.  At  various  points  railroads  cross  the  boundary,  thtf'  binding 
the  people  together,  if  not  with  links  of  steel,  with  bands  of  iron.  It 
would  have  been  unwise  to  overlook  the  benefits  which  will  accrue 
to  us  from  the  treaty  with  islands  in  the  ends  of  the  earth;  but  who 
can  say  how  much  greater  folly  and  injustice  we  commit  toward  our 
own  citizens  by  an  illiberal  and  exclusive  policy  toward  the  millions 
whose  homes  are  close  to  our  own  ? 

It  was  argued,  and  I  do  not  disparage  the  force  of  the  roa'oning, 
that  if  we  did  not  enter  into  a  friendlv  commercial  treat v  with  the 


j«^ 


10 

Iliiwaiiaii  Islands  thoy  would  i>a.ss  into  tin;  hamls  <j1'  souk;  t'orcigii 
power,  and  thus  our  inlluence  would  lie  weakened,  and,  in  <ase  of 
war,  expeditions  ayainst  us  might  lie  litted  out  from  the  islands.  Can- 
ada is  under  the  sovereignty  of  that  nation  whii.h,  by  means  of  her 
vast  naval  power,  might,  if  war  arose,  he  onr  most  formidahle  antag- 
onist. The  population  of  the  Dominion,  already  greater  than  that 
of  this  country  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  will  ncjt  only,  as  the 
settlement  of  the  vast  northwest  increases,  be  as  large  as  that  of 
this  country  now  is,  but  be  computed  by  the  hundred  of  millions,  and 
he  far  more  nearly  equal  to  our  own  in  the  future  than  is  now  usually 
supposed.  It  slKmldbe  unnecessary  to  dwell  longer  on  this  part  of 
the  subject.  Regarded  simply  as  a  matter  of  military  jtolicy,  the 
friendship  of  Canada  is  not  only  more  important  to  us  than  that  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  but  of  any  other  power  whatever  on  either  side 
of  the  Atlantic, 

KXOUMOVS  VAI.LE  OK  Ol'K   I'lIKSKM    ICXl'uliTS  TO  CANAI.A. 

From  the  same  causes  which  remler  our  relations  with  Canada  more 
important  than  those  with  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in  a  military  point  of 
view — her  contiguity  to  the  United\States,  the  extent  of  her  territory, 
and  the  character  of  her  population— the  almost  incomi)arably  greater 
value  of  her  trade  to  us  in  the  future  is  also  demonstrated.  The  compari- 
son of  the  trade  of  the  two  countries  with  us  at  present  admits  of  an  ap- 
proximately exact  arithmetical  proof.  In  the  last  calendar  yt-ar  of 
which  at  the  present  time  we  have  any  authentic  commercial  record, 
our  exports  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  amounted  to.S7dl5,5Gl,  while  those 
to  the  British  North  American  colonies  during  the  liscal  year  corre- 
sponding most  nearly  with  that  period  were  nearly  fifty  times  as  large, 
having  been  at  least  sJiSSj^QO,.'}:}!.  Our  exports  to  Canada  included 
grain  and  Hour  to  the  amount  of  nearly  twelve  millions  of  dollars ;  of 
animals  and  their  products  the  amount  was  84,39"',0(;(t ;  of  raw  cotton, 
$r)5ii,'.»40;  of  coal,ovortwomillions,  andof  timber,  8''>41,lol.  Ourmanu- 
factures  exported  to  Canada  included  cotton  goods  to  the  value  of 
$67:3.031 — nearly  as  much  as  all  our  exports  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
added  together — glassware,  811' i.TO-;;  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel, 
.83,377,913,  and  of  wood,  81,37(),r)ll.  These  are  all  our  own  mauufac- 
turcs,  g,"",lusiveof  commodities  of  foreign  origin.  Altogether  the  value 
of  our  own  manufactures  exporte<l  to  the  Dominion,  exclusive  of  coin 
and  bullion,  in  the  fiscal  year  187.5  was,  as  shown  by  our  own  reports, 
$il0,197,,'')80.  Doubtless  the  actual  amount  was  much  larger,  the  ac- 
counts of  exports  being,  probably  in  all  countries,  less  accurately  kept 
than  those  of  imports.  In  the  liscal  year  1870  the  aggregate  of  the 
impoi'ts  of  all  kinds  to  the  Dominion  from  this  country  was  no  less 
th.au  $44,01)3,073,  of  which  more  than  half  were  admitted  free  of  all 
duty  whatever  and  the  remainder  at  duties  which,  compared  with 
those  we  exact  on  similar  i>roductious  from  Canada,  appear  iusiguili- 


\ 


11 


iiiitag- 


C'iint.  Tlicy  largely  exceed  tliitse  iiiipoitiMl  into  (.'iiiiail:i  troin  Great 
Britain  or  any  other  country,  ami  yet  tin;  <liif  ies  <.'oIli(tecl  on  imports 
from  Great  liritain  exceed  tho.se  coHectedon  iniiiort.s  from  tlie  I'nited 
States  l»y  nearly  one-half. 

i.xi'oitT.s  or  mi:  mamtai  Ti.i;i:.-'  iti  canaiia. 
In  specifying  the  amounts  of  several  of  our  production^  and  manu- 
factures exported  to  Canada  I  have  adhered  to  our  own  accounts,  hut. 
as  may  he  seen  on  reference  to  the  rejtort  of  tiie  (,'liief  of  the  Ihireau 
of  .Statistics  on  commerce  and  navigation  for  1^7.'),  and  the  report  on 
the  linauces  for  l-rTO,  it  is  almost  if  not  iiuite  imitos.-,il>le  to  ohtain 
full  and  accurate  statements  of  our  exports  to  Canada  from  our  own 
authorities.  Tin*  chief  defect  is  that  railroad  ears  ami  other  l.ind 
vehicles  passing  into  adjacent  territory  are  not  reijuired  to  hie  li>t.s 
or  manifests  of  lading  similar  to  those  required  from  vessels  clearing 
for  foreign  countries.  Hence  oiu'  o'.vn  rcluiiis  inadi'<iuately  and 
grossly  misrepresent  the  real  value  of  our  expoits  to  Canada.  As 
duties  on  many  of  these  articles  are  collected  in  Canada,  accounts  of 
them  are  more  strictly  kept  in  that  country,  although  even  there, 
owing  to  smuggling  and  undervaluations,  they  doubtless  fall  short  of 
the  real  amounts.  It  is  shown  hy  the  ol'licial  statements  of  the  c(mimis- 
}«ioner  of  customs  of  the  Dominion,  that  the  value  of  articles  }iroduced 
in  this  country  and  exported  to  Canada,  but  omitted  in  the  retiirnsof 
our  custom-house  oftieers,  was,  in  l-'74,  S I l.t-i >,."))■>(') ;  in  1-*?.'),  $l.'),.V,t(),- 
r>'24 ;  and  in  1~7(),  slO,.")07, ."(;;>.  Most  of  these  exports  consisted  of 
manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  iron,  copper,  iVc.  How  far  our  own 
rei)orts,  consi<lered  by  themselves,  are  likely  to  mi.sh'ad,  nuiy  ha  in- 
ferred from  the  fact  that  to  the  ajuount  of  our  exports  of  cotton 
manufactures  in  the  year  I'^To,  which  was  8*J~«','J'»l,  as  I  have  already 
ipioted,  should  be  added  .s'JlSjr-l:}— making  a  total  of  .Sl,ryjl,>44  ;  and 
to  s:3,u77,91lj,  the  value  of  otir  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  exported 
to  Canada,  as  shown  by  our  own  reports,  should  be  added  no  less  than 
$;},4r),"),736,  altogether  .SO,.S:5;{,r)4'J  in  this  branch  of  manufactures  alone. 
Similar  proi»ortions  may  beobservedastoother  exports,  but  it  is  need- 
less to  multiply  details.  It  would  be  useless  to  argue  further  with 
those  who  do  not  .see  that  such  a  market  for  ourmanufactures  should 
receive  attention  and  eucouragemeut  from  everv  true  l'rier*(^f  the 

people. 

AX  i:srAi)Li>nEU  1'1!i:ci:iiext. 

Surely  it  is  needless  to  urge  that,  if  the  Hawaiian  treaty  was  wor- 
thy <»f  approval  by  a  triumphant  majority,  better  opportunities  of 
extending  our  commerce  and  beneficent  inllueuce  nearer  home  and 
on  an  enormou.sly  larger  scale  should  not  be  neglectetl.  But  I  regard 
it  as  an  auspicious  omen  that  so  large  and  influential  a  ptntiou  of  the 
party  in  power,  visiting  in  imagination  the  genial  climes  of  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  should  have  overcome  the  theories  and  prejudices 


12 


li 


through  which  more  iuiportiint  siihjeets  are  mistily  rejiiiriled,  aiul,sc»' 
to  speak,  have  picked  up  a  shell  "on  the  shore  of  the  great  ocean 
truth."'  Kemeuiberiug  some  of  the  advances  made  in  physical  science 
since  tlie  great  philosopher  so  modestly  described  his  own  merits 
and  discoveries,  I  regard  the  Hawaiian  treaty  as  a  precedent  fraught 
with  great  advantages  to  the  agricultural,  manufacturing,  and  com- 
mercial interests  of  all  i)arts  of  our  country.  I  trust  it  will  he  the 
means  of  directing  public  attention  to  practical  and  easy,  because 
mutually  beneiicial,  methods  of  adjusting  affairs  with  our  neighbors, 
both  North  and  South.  As  far  as  an  extension  of  our  trade  with  them 
can  be  carried  into  ellect  it  cannot  fail  to  be  profitable  to  all  parties 
to  the  arrangement.  Our  policy  should  be  not  to  tax  our  own  citi- 
zens to  pay  others  for  entering  into  our  Union  and  enjoying  its  advan- 
tages, nor  to  incorpoi'ate  with  ourselves  aliencountrieswho.se  people 
are  not  in  harmony  with  the  spirit  and  requirements  of  our  institu- 
tions, but  simply  to  extend  our  commercial  relations  with  them.  We 
should  thus  acquire  the  chief  benefits  of  actual  ownership  without 
its  disadvantages.  It  is  a  necessary  counterpart  of  the  Monroe  doc- 
trine, iirohibiting  the  interference  of  the  Old  World  in  the  internal 
affairs  of  this  continent,  that  we  should  study  to  promote  the  in- 
terests of  the  other  American  States  and  extend  the  exchange  of 
the  respective  products  of  their  labor  and  our  own. 

Omni!  TUEATIE5  1"0U  TRAUi:. 

How  vast  the  beneiicial  commerce  between  the  United  States  and 
the  Dominion  might  by  this  time  have  become  if,  instead  of  merely 
abrogating  the  former  treaty,  we  had  endeavored  to  improve  it,  or 
substitute  for  it  one  of  more  perfect  reciprocity,  we  can  now  only 
conjecture.  Pi-actically  for  the  time  we  threw  aside  its  lessons.  By 
others  they  were  heeded  and  yielded  abundant  fruit.  During  the  visit 
of  Richard  Cobden  to  this  country  in  1860  his  attention  was  pointedly 
directed  to  the  treaty  then  in  operation  between  us  and  the  Canadi- 
ans. Whatever  objections  he  entertained  to  such  measures  were  fully 
removed  by  M.  Chevalier,  who  represented  the  interests  of  France. 
The  result  was  the  memorable  arrangement  between  England  and 
France,  which  was  speedily  followed  by  similar  treaties  between 
other  T,' nntries,  and  not  less  than  fifty  or  sixty  in  number.  It  is  the 
custom  with  a  certain  class  of  theorists  to  represent  that  in  the  ne- 
gotiations between  England  and  France  the  former  was  the  victor 
and  the  latter  a  dupe.  In  fact  both  countries  gained  enormous  ad- 
vantages. A  friendship  arose  between  those  two  nations  whcih  is 
warmer  and  more  durable  than  has  ever  existed  at  any  other  period  of 
their  history.  Among  the  causes  which  have  contributed  to  the  mar- 
velous recuperation  of  France  and  the  welfare  of  her  jieople  none 
has  been  more  powerful  than  her  commercial  treaty  with  England,, 


I 


13 


licr  liufjct'st  ami  iiinst  prolitaMo  lustomcr,  with  wlioiu  her  trailc  is  noiiily 
twice  as  lar;;<'  as  with  any  other  coimtry,  aiuiiUDro  thau  tour  times 
as  hirgo  as  with  the  United  States. 

The  exports  of  Fiance  to  <Jreat  Britain  an«llrehin!l  in  1"^")-'  amounted 
to  abont  thirtooy  uiillions  of  pounils  sterling,  and  in  HT.'j  to  nearly 
forty-seven  millions.  The  exports  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to 
Franco  increased  dnringthe  same  time  in  a  smaller  ratio,  or  fromnino 
millions  to  twenty-seven  millions.  Tried  hy  the  protectionist  theory 
of  wliat  is  sometimes  called  the  balance  of  trade,  France  has  enor- 
nionsly  the  ad  vantage,  bnt  only  so  far  as  her  customers  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  are  enabled  to  buy  cheaper  from  her  than  they  can  buy 
elsewhere.  The  late  Eni])erorXap(deon  fell  in  a  manner  likely  to  drag 
down  with  him  any  cause  that  he  had  espoused,  and  M.  Thiers,  the 
chief  statesman  who  succeeded  liim,  was  at  least  as  decidedly  against 
the  treaty  as  the  emperor  had  been  in  its  favor.  But  the  proof  of  its 
benefits  had  grown  jilain  and  palpable,  the  interests  it  served  Avere 
too  numerous  and  powerful  to  be  subverted,  and  M.  Thiers  was  re- 
luctantly compelled  to  yield  to  them. 

i'!:!;\-.\i.i;Nr  i  i-iuF..~s  am'  a  kemehy. 

Notwithstanding  the  obstacle.-,  we  have  so  long  interposed,  our 
trade  with  Canada  in  l";7."j  amounted  to  over  .'i57!:^,UOO,Oi)0.  Acconl- 
ing  to  the  niest  reliable  staristics.  taking  the  imports  into  each 
country  from  the  other  as  tliev  are  shown  by  the  records  of  its  own 
custom-houses,  the  trade  between  the  two  countries  in  l'S74  and  1^7r> 
averaged  more  than  8UO,flO0,000  in  each  year.  Our  exports  to  Canada, 
alone  have  for  many  years  lieen  four  or  live  times  as  large  as  to  Rus- 
sia and  much  larger  than  tho'^e  to  any  other  conntiy  in  the  world, 
except  only  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Germany.  In  the  opinion  of 
many  who  are  best  qualified  to  Judge  on  the  subject,  this  vast  aggre- 
gate of  our  exchanges  with  Canada,  each  representing  a  transaction 
mutually  beneficial  to  some  of  the  people  of  both  countries,  would 
soon  bo  doubled  if  the  existing  restrictions  of  the  custom-houses  on 
both  sides  of  the  frontier  could  be  removed.  Is  this  prospect  or  are 
the  facts  as  we  now  find  them  to  be  thrust  aside  as  if  of  no  moment 
in  the  present  depressed  condition  of  our  trade  and  manufactures  ? 
Year  after  year  the  plight  of  our  laboring-men  throughout  v^.l^onn- 
try,  and  especially  in  the  regions  dependent  upon  manufactures  and 
commerce,  has  grown  worse  and  worse.  Year  by  year  since  lS7ri  the 
attractions  presented  to  the  laborei-s  of  Europe  have  sensibly  dimin- 
ished, until,  in  the  last  fiscal  year,  the  immigrants  to  our  shores  were 
less  by  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  than  they  were  four  years  ago, 
the  actual  reduction  within  that  time  having  been  from  4:i7,7.")0  to 
16'J,98fi.  These  new-comers  go,  it  is  to  be  6ui)posed,  to  friends  who 
are  ready  to  receive  them  chiefiy  in  those  parts  of  the  country  least 
aliected  by  the  prevalent  distress. 


,ri'*»*  ■ 


14 

We  are  all  faiailiar  with  the  accoMuts  (if  unitaralleled  ami  increas- 
ing destitution  ainouy.our  own  working  i>opulatioii.  Let  not  repeti- 
tion dull  our  niiuds  so  that  we  cannot  sec,  nor  steel  our  hearts  so  that 
we  cannot  feel  the  force  of  facts  so  often  told  and  so  well  authenticated . 
In  some  of  our  largest  cities  the  present  is  the  third  winter  when  two- 
thirds  of  the  unskilled  laborers  have  been  unable  to  And  employment. 
Multitudes  of  temperate,  industrious,  and  well-trained  mechanics, 
and  of  young  women,  with  honorable  independence  of  character  and 
sensitive  about  receiving  charity  in  any  form  or  shape,  have  lost  all 
hope,  and  in  the  depth  of  destitution  and  despair  are  begging  to  be 
sfived  from  lingering  death  through  hunger  by  being  sent  to  places  in- 
tended for  the  reception  of  vagrants  an<l  criminals. 

LOX(;  NE'iLECr  01-   (iri!  MATEKTAL  INTKHESTS. 

During  the  seventeen  years  through  which  the  party  yet  remain- 
ing in  power  has  held  the  reins  of  Government,  there  has  been  a  con- 
spicuous and  complete  ueglect  of  all  the  chief  means  for  restoring 
prosperity  to  our  people.  The  return  to  specie  payments  has  chiefly, 
except  when  it  has  been  prevented  by  legislation,  been  left  to  tho 
slow  progress  of  natural  laws  of  finance.  Nothing,  if  we  except 
the  reduction  of  wages  and  the  increased  destitution  of  our  laborers, 
has  been  done  to  promote  ship-building  and  give  us  again  our  former 
commercial  eminence  and  prestige  on  the  ocean.  Except  in  the  minute 
and  peculiar  instance  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  nothing  has  been  done 
to  extend  the  markets  for  the  production  of  our  fields  and  manu- 
factories. In  view  of  the  present  wide-spread  misery  we  who  are 
placed  here  to  frame  laws  foithe  benefit  of  the  people  shall  be  worthy 
of  the  most  severe  condemnation  if  we  neglect  to  give  our  best  atten- 
tion to  such  enactments  as  will  yield  food  and  work  to  the  suti'ering 
masses.  Among  the  most  obvious  of  these  measures  is  such  an  ex- 
tension of  our  trade  with  Canada  as  will  yield  us  a  larger  amount  of 
grain  and  other  necessaries  of  life,  increase  the  use  of  our  leading, 
thoroughfares  in  tho  North,  and  enlarge  the  outlets  already  existing 
in  the  Dominion  for  our  manufactures.  We  see  that  the  opportunity 
is  open  to  us  in  the  relative  geographical  positions  of  tho  two  coun- 
tries, and  that  even  under  the  present  restrictions  the  exchange  of 
the  pitiflfucts  of  labor  between  them  is  enormous.  We  have  also  con- 
fident assurances  in  the  settled,  firm,  and  stable  character  of  the 
Canadian  government  and  people,  and  their  frequently  expressed  de- 
sire to  ascertain  by  mutnal  conference  with  us  how  far  our  commer- 
cial relations  can  bo  emancipated  and  extended.  This  desire  has 
been  repeatedly  shown  in  the  newspapers  of  Canada,  the  resolutions 
passed  by  her  boards  of  trade,  and  the  authentic  and  oflficial  state- 
ments of  her  government  itself. 

THE  WISHES  AND  TAHIFF  OK  CANADA. 

The  Dominion  board  of  trade  at  everv  one  of  its  meetings  has  ex- 


.8- 


15 


"X- 


pressiil  ;ui  faiiusr  ami  intelligent  desire  for  an  oxtt-nsion  of  tnulo 
witli  iH,  iintl  in  t-very  InNtance  lias  coupled  the  fxpression  of  the  dt;- 
siro  with  that  itf  a  ht'iieftliat  the  first otlicial  proposal  for  it  shonld 
come  IronillK'tJovernnKMitof  t  lie  United  States,  ort'ers  made  hy  Canada 
havin;^  Ix-i-n  regarded  witliso  little  attention  on  this  side  of  the  front- 
ier. A  leading  rei>resentative  of  Canada,  at  the  meeting  of  our  own 
National  Uoard  of  Trade  in  New  York  last  summer,  reiterated  these 
views  and  nodonht  uttered  the  general  sentiment  of  his  countrymen 
when  he  conlidently  assured  his  hearers  that  if  Congress  should  adopt 
the  rt'solnt ions  now  before  this  House  for  the  appointment  of  com- 
misjiioners.  tlio  Canadian  government  would  '*  likewise  appoint  a  com- 
uiis.sion,  and  we  should  lor  the  tirst  time  since  the  abrogation  of  the 
old  treaty  have  business  men  to  sit  down  together,  talk  the  matter 
«)ver  fairly  and  s([navely  as  a  inactical  question,  deal  with  all  its  diflQ- 
culties,  and,  if  possible,  bring  about  a  treaty  which  will  be  uuitually 
satisfactory  to  both  eountries."  Tlie  Canadian  minister  of  customs, 
privy  council,  and  present  governor-general  have  at  ditl'erent  times 
fully  concurred  in  these  views,  the  governor-general  himself  in  council 
having  formally  promised  "  that  should  the  Government  of  the  United 
•States  comply  with  the  wishes expi'essed  by  the  National  Hoard  of 
Trade  tlie  subject  will  receive  the  fullest  consideration  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Canada.'' 

At  the  time  of  the  abrogation  of  the  old  treaty  there  was  much 
just  reason  for  the  complaint  of  the  illibcr.ality  and  unfairness  of  the 
Canadian  tariff  on  many  of  the  productions  of  tlie  United  States. 
IJut  all  that  has  now  been  reversed.  We  ihipose  on  all  kinds  of  Cana- 
dian grain  and  flour  a  duty  so  heavy  as  to  be  nearly  prohibitory,  with 
the  single  exceittions  of  barley  and  some  peas,  for  the  production  of 
which  the  soil  and  climate  of  Canada  and  the  habits  of  her  farmers, 
or  all  (Iiese  causes  combined,  are  especially  favorable.  Nearly  all  the 
articles  admitted  into  Caua<la  free  of  duty  under  the  old  treaty  are 
now  admitted  there  free  of  duty,  while  on  our  side  they  are  heavily 
taxed.  Although  Canada  is  an  integral  part  of  the  British  Empire 
all  the  manufactures  of  the  United  States  are  admitted  there  upon 
the  same  terms  as  those  of  any  other  colony  and  of  Great  Britain  her- 
self. TJie  old  colonial  restrictions  have  passed  away  and  ^^  pcome 
obliterated  by  the  advancing  power  of  a  more  enlightened  policy. 

MOIJEUN   I'OLlCt  OF  OUEAT  niilTAlX. 

The  views  I  advocate  have  sometimes  been  met  by  the  objection 
that  whatever  might  be  mutual  interests  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  Great  Britain  would  not  permit  them  to  be  harmoniously  de- 
veloped. I  think  there  is  no  reason  to  apprehend  anj-  real  difficulty 
on  this  score.  If  the  interests  of  Can.ida  are  stifled  and  oppressed, 
let  us  be  certain  tiiat  we  are  not  tlie  wrong-doers  and  tJiat  the  blamo- 
is  put  on  tlie  right  shoulders.     A  brief  review  of  the  history  of  the 


16 


colonies  tlirows  iniicli  lijrliton  oar  policy  in  n';;ar(l  ti»  limni,  For  tlio 
last  half  century  they  have  made  steady  and  accelerated  i)ro;^ress  to- 
ward greater  freedom  and  independence.  The  measures  adopted  by 
Great  Britain  have  nndoubt(Ml!y  encouraged  the  movement. 

Soon  after  the  first  American  colonists  from  Great  liritain  had  sur- 
mounted thodilBculties  and  hardships  of  the  earliest  settlemtuits,  in 
the  regions  which  are  now  the  United  States,  and  had  begun  to  ac- 
cumulate wealth,  the  exclusive  system  was  ai>plied  so  far  that  few 
articles^could  be  exported  from  the  colonies  to  any  other  country 
without  being  first  laid  upon  the  shores  of  Great  Britain.  Next,  the 
colonists  were  compelled  to  buy  solely  from  British  merchants,  and 
their  importations  could  only  be  made  in  British  ships,  "  it  being  the 
usage  of  other  nations  to  keep  the  plantation  trade  exclusively  to 
themselves."  Even  the  excellent  Lord  Chatham,  distinguished  as  a 
friend  of  the  colonies,  was  so  far  iml)ued  with  the  common  heresies 
of  his  time  as  not  to  hesitate  in  declaring  that  "  the  British  colonies 
in  North  America  had  no  right  to  manufacture  even  a  nail  for  a  horse- 
shoe;" and  Lord  Shcttield  only  expressed  the  general  opinion  of  his 
day  when  he  affirmed  that  "  the  only  use  of  the  colonies  and  the  AVest 
India  Islands  is  the  monopoly  of  llieir  consumption  and  the  carriage 
of  their  products."  On  all  these  iioiiits  increased  enlightenment  has 
♦'iVected  a  quiet  revolution.  The  monopoly  of  the  colonial  trade  was 
found  to  be  as  unprofitable  to  the  oi>pressor  as  to  the  ojjpressed,  and 
confirmed  progress  has  been  made  in  those  views  of  public  policy 
which  are  inextricably  blended  with  magnanimity  and  liberality. 

SL'liSTAXTIAr,  INDr.l'K.NIUCNCF.  OK  r.VXAli.V. 

A  few  years  ago  the  government  of  Canada,  through  its  financial 
minister,  emphatically  declared  the  right  of  the  people  of  that  coun- 
try to  decide  for  themselves,  in  all  respects,  the  mode  and  extent  to 
which  taxation  shall  be  imposed  on  them.  The  Jiritish  government 
was  warned  that  serious  evils  and  future  com  plications  would  result 
from  any  opposition  to  the  rights  thus  asserted ;  and  the  Canadian 
government  congratulated  itself  that  the  British  ministry  of  that  day 
"'  have  been  obliged  to  admit  that  we  were  in  the  right,  and  that  any 
assumed  interference  with  our  rights  and  privileges  is  not  for  one 
monSKt  to  be  entertained."  Thus  the  practical  rights  of  self-govern- 
ment, only  obtained  by  the  United  States  through  revolution,  were 
quietly  conceded.  The  most  striking  point  in  this  illustration  of  the 
reversal  of  the  ancient  relations  of  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  is 
not  merely  that  so  great  a  concession  was  made  to  the  colonies,  but 
that  the  point  in  dispute  was  an  order  in  council  disallowing  a  bill 
Inflicting  certain  disabilities  on  the  shipping  of  the  United  States. 

The  people  of  Great  Britain  have  discovered  that  their  own  cap- 
italists and  laborers  were  injured  by  forcing  the  trade  of  the  colonies 
in  artificial  directions  and  withdrawing  it  from  the  natural  and  really 


mi 


4 


17 


lionelkiul  iiursuits  in  which  it.  wouhl  hiivt*  hcoii  cmploj-cil.  Tlic  rcv- 
ohitionury  wiir  in  the  United  States  streiitjtheni'd  these  imitressions. 
It  was  found  that  the  independence  of  the  United  States  and  iheir 
consequent  itrosperity  contrihuted  materially  to  the  well-heiny  of 
Great  Ihitain,  whose  tax-payers  were  relieved  from  the  exiteiise  and 
trouhle  of  yoverninjj  distant  and  extensive  re^jions,  while  thohenefits 
of  intercourse  with  tlu^m  not  <*idy  remained  but  were  aujjmented. 
The  Itelief  has  i»eeome  more  and  more  prevalent  in  the  mother-conn- 
try  that  the  means  hy  which  she  can  most  securely  and  prolitably 
derive  the  elements  of  real  prosperity  from  lier  colonicH  is  by  per- 
mittin;^  them  to  direct  their  iiulustry  into  those  channels  which  their 
natural  position  and  advantaj^es  indicate  as  the  most  remunerative. 

On  the  one  hand  concessions  were  made  to  the  colonists  by  per- 
mitting them  to  resort  to  the  markets  of  the  world  and  tax  IJritish 
manufactures ;  on  the  other,  the  IJritish  people  wore  gradually  eman- 
cipated from  the  oppressive  taxation  which  j^ave  the  colonies  special 
privileges  in  Great  IJritain  itself.  The  latter  was  at  first  especially 
conspicuous  as  to  the  Indispensable  articles  of  grain,  Hour,  ami  lum- 
ber. 

The  military  and  naval  defense  of  the  colonies  remains  as  the  only 
substantial  relic  of  the  ancient  policy.  The  consideration  given  for 
it  is  withdrawn.  It  remains  as  a  tax  on  the  people  of  Great  Britain 
without  aflording  them  any  adequate  compensation,  and  the  declar- 
ations of  their  leading  statesmen  of  all  parties,  the  actions  of  their 
government,  and  the  tendencies  of  public  opinion  clearly  indicate 
the  early  termination  of  this  anomalous  and  -inconsistent  condition. 
The  time  is  approaching  when,  as  the  most  zealous  defenders  of  the 
old  colonial  system  have  admitted  would  be  the  case,  it  will  be  found 
that  "  it  is  all  of  a  piece  and  must  either  stand  or  fall  together." 

So  evidently  correct  are  the  frequent  assertionsof  Canada  that  her 
government,  acting  for  her  legislature  and  people,  must,  whatever 
may  be  the  deference  they  owe  to  the  imperial  authorities,  decide  for 
themselves  as  to  all  matters  connected  with  the  taritt',  and  so  com- 
pletely has  the  principle  thus  annoiniced  been  carried  out  in  legisla- 
tion, that  Great  Britain,  in  reply,  is  throwing  the  naval  andmiji'  ^y 
defense  of  the  Canadians  upon  themselves. 

Ol'IXION  OF  LEADING  ItlUTISII  STATESMEN. 

A  former  governor-general  of  Canada  substantially  declared  in  the 
Imperial  Parliament  that  if  Canada  should  ask  for  independence  the 
request  would  readily  be  granted.  If  we  look  among  those  British 
statesmen  now  living  and  who  for  many  years  have  been  leaders  in 
the  actnal  and  progressive  career  of  fcheir  country,  and  whose  in- 
fluence was  never  more  completely  manifested  than  in  the  recent 
change  in  her  European  and  Asi;itic  policy,  we  find  in  their  public 

speeches  the  most  creditable  and  liberal  expressions  regarding  the 
2  W 


IS 


commerce  of  the  United  States  with  Canada  and  thw  relations  of 
Great  J3ritain  with  the  latter.  The  protitable  and  humanizing  oJlocts 
of  the  commercial  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  France  point 
ont  Bigniflcantly  and  decisively  how  valuable  a  judicious  commercial 
treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Canada  would  bo,  not  simply 
in  increasing  sales  but  in  promoting  the  advancement  of  the  soundest 
doctrines  of  civilization  and  international  good-will. 

I  know  of  no  expressions  of  modern  statesmanship  better  worthy  of 
being  borne  in  mind  by  every  American  citizen,  and  regarded  as  ax- 
ionmtic  in  our  conduct  toward  our  sister-States  and  Canada,  than 
those  terms  of  glowing  eloquence  in  which  lion.  John  Bright  depicted 
his  hopes  that  the  day  might  come  when  the  whole  of  this  vast  con- 
tinent might  become  one  great  federation  of  States,  and,  free  from 
military  control,  without  a  custom-house  inside  through  the  whole 
length  and  breadth  of  its  territory,  but  with  freedom  everywhere, 
tj(iuality  everywhere,  law  everywhere,  peace  everywhere,  would  atFord 
at  least  some  hope  that  man  is  not  forsaken  of  heaven  and  that  the 
future  of  our  race  might  be  better  than  the  past. 

The  Right  Honorable  W.  E.  Gladstone,  when  premier,  speaking  in  a 
debate  in  the  House  of  Commons,  lamented  that  it  had  been  the  fate 
of  the  transatlantic  possessions  of  European  nations  that  in  every  in- 
stance when  they  had  reached  maturity  separation  had  been  carried 
out  by  war  or  bloodshed,  leaving  behind  them  feelings  of  pain, 
hatred,  or  shame.  He  declared  the  true  policy  toward  Canada  to  be 
that  if  separation  should  arrive  it  may  come  in  a  friendly,  and  not  a 
hostile,  form,  but  iu  true  accord  with  the  best  spirit  of  the  age. 

OUR  I'OLICY  AS  IT  OUGHT  TO  llE. 

It  seems  to  mo  that  we  do  not  iu  our  statesmanship  adequately  recog- 
nize and  appreciate  the  relations  actually  existing  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  North  American  possessions  or  adapt  our  policy  to 
the  facts  as  they  are.  One  of  the  main  errors  of  Great  Britain  in  her 
treatment  of  those  colonies  from  which  our  Union  was  formed  was 
the  discouragement  of  their  industry  except  so  far  as  it  was  sub- 
sidiary to  her  own.  Perhaps  no  part  of  her  conduct  toward  us  was 
mo^  unjust  or  injurious,  or  contributed  more  powerfully  to  the  causes 
of  tne  Revolution.  I  fear  that  the  recollection  of  it,  rankling  in  our 
memories,  has  sometimes  led  us  to  such  legislation  in  commercial  af- 
fairs as  we  have  been  satisfied  to  think  must  be  beneficial  to  ourselves 
because  it  is  inconvenient  or  prejudicial  to  others.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  prevalent  and  pernicious,  sophistries  by  which  mankind  has 
ever  been  deluded  and  afflicted.  Let  us  look  to  ourselves  and'  take 
heed  lest  in  our  day,  in  the  plenitude  of  our  power  and  at  a  more  en- 
lightened period  of  the  world's  history,  we  in  our  commercial  treat- 
ment of  weaker  neighboring  States  fall  into  the  same  kind  of  error 
as  that  which  Great  Britain  in-acticed  toward  us,  but  has  utterly 


10 


(liscaiilt'tl  in  Iici  iiiiidmi  InatiinMit  of  litT  roloiiiiH.  Caiiadii,  if  in 
true,  is  iu>t  (iiir  iiitsstssioii,  lint  iis  citiniiaifd  with  thf  I'niti'il  States 
mIic  1h  practically  in  Iht  inl'anrv.  In  n'lnsin;;  even  t(t  considiT  liy 
what  means  (lur  Iraile  wifli  her  <:in  he  increased  uitli  nintiial  heiiclit; 
to  tlie  people  of  hoth  cotintiies  we  follow  the  evil  exaniide  set  ns  in 
a  more  ay,';,'ravated  form  liy  (Jreat  IJritain  in  tho  early  days  of  oni' 

own  history. 

si;i.i'-Hi:i'iTF.n  FUiioiiH. 

Hangnine  and  vivid  expectations  have  liecu  entertained  by  Homo 
who  laid  claim  to  profonnd  knowlcdj^e  and  statesmanliko  vicwH,  but 
wlio  have  lived  to  see  the  error  of  their  iioi)eH,  that  by  a  riyorous  and 
exclusive  policy  Canada  would  speedily  bo  compelled  to  imploro 
annexation  to  the  Union.  The  time,  it  has  been  publicly  said,  beforo 
she  would  thus  be  brouj^lit  on  her  knees  was  so  short  that  it  should  bo 
counted  by  months,  and  not  by  years ;  but  time  has  only  made  uioro 
evident  what  was  from  the  beginning  sutllciently  obvious,  that  tlio 
Canadians,  being  of  the  same  human  nature  with  ourselves,  actuated 
by  similar  sentiments  and  passions,  are  repelled  by  repidsiou  while 
theymight  be  attracted  by  a  friendly  and  liberal  policy  which  through 
a  natural  and  interminable  series  of  profitable  transactions  would 
bring  people  already  homogeneous  more  and  more  into  conmiunica- 
tiou  with  each  other. 

8KNTIMKNT9  OK  THE  IMTEl)  STATES  TOWARD  CANADA. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  there  is  any  real  want  of  friendly  feeling  in 
the  United  States  toward  the  Canadians.  Many  of  them  migrate  to 
this  country,  and  are  soon  scarcely  distinguishable  from  our  native- 
born  citizens,  not  a  few  of  whom  have  taken  up  their  abodes  in  the 
Dominion  and  become  prosperous  and  prominent.  If  Canada  should 
be  oppressed  and  to  gain  her  liberty  and  rights  bo  driven  to  arms 
as  we  Avero  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  our  sympathy  from  one 
end  of  the  Union  to  the  other  would  not  merely  be  sentimental,  but 
Avould  evince  itself  by  practical  demonstrations  at  every  jioint  of  our 
frontier.  Hapi>ily  for  all  the  parties  concerned,  the  prospect  of  any 
such  contingency  has  long  passed  and  the  appropriate  way  of  testi- 
fying our  good-will  is  not  by  self-immolation  in  the  loss  of  '-'^and 
material  wealth,  but  by  the  sacrifice  of  an  old  prejudice  and  an  out- 
worn theory  and  the  adoption  of  such  commercial  measures  as  will 
promote  our  interests  as  well  as  those  of  our  neighbors. 

THE  COUUF.CT  VTF.W  OF  TRADE   WITH  CANADA. 

I  have  said  that  Canada  has  wisely  pursued  a  more  liberal  course 
toward  the  United  States  than  we  have  toward  her.  She  admits  our 
manufactures  on  equal  terms  with  those  of  Great  Britain,  and  at  very 
moderate  rates  of  duty.  The  chief  products  of  our  agriculture  are  ad- 
mitted free  of  all  duty  whatever.  At  the  same  time  this  liberality 
redounds  toiler  benefit.    She  is  studying  her  own  interest.    By  charg- 


20 


illy;  111)  tliitics  (111  iiiir  llniir,  w  liral,  coni,  iiml  ullin  ;;r;iiii  nIh-  olitiiiiis  a 
liii;;i-  surplus  fur  fN|iort:itii>ii  and  t'ii<'(Mii'a;;('s  ti.iiiNiinrtatiuii  iiml  tlic 
])rt)lllal)lt«  t'iii]iloyuK>nt  of  \un'  jn'iipli^  IVuiii  oiif  end  of  lu>r  railruiiiN 
mill  canals  to  tin- otliiT.  •Slic  Hinls  lirr  own  iirolit  in  all  tliis.  'I'lit- 
jirici's  of  wheat,  llmir,  corn,  chfi'sf,  ami  <iit  meats  are  telejfia|ilie(l  to 
tIiissiil»M)f  lli((  Atlanlie  ami  re;;iiliiteoiir«»wii.  They  ar«itostetl  up  ami 
proelaimed  in  oiir  luailiii;;  marts  of  tiaile.  Kveii  in  fresli  meats  a  vast 
tiiide  witli  l'-niop(^  is  rajiidly  |iro;^ressin;i.  Immeiisd  quant  it  ie.s  are 
weekly  expnrleil  fruiii  t  lie  I'liited  States  ami  Caiiaila,  ami  ilia  few 
years  (Jreat,  IJiitain  will  lie  at  leuHt  nn  »k'p»)mk'iit  on  this  coiititioiit 
fur  her  supplies  of  fresh  hoef  ami  other  meats  as  she  iinw  is  for 
lueatlstulls.  As  the  prices  ill  fonn;;!!  markets  mainly  'U'terminu 
those  hen^  ami  in  L'anaila  it  Is  suicidal  to  many  of  (Uir  iiiercan- 
tilo,  muiuifaetiiriiij^,  andearryiii;{  interests  iind  benelieial  to  no  other 
interests  whatever  to  char;i;e  duties  on  the-  importation  into  tlii>. 
c(»uiitry  of  the  farming'  lUddncts  I  have  named,  and  the  list  could 
1)0  very  whlely  extended.  Our  exportatioiis  to  Canada  of  all  these 
articles  is  enormously  ;jjreater  than  liers  to  us,  and  it  is  created 
mainly  Ity  the  expiutatitMis  to  Kurojio  which  we  imjiede  liy  our 
laws  while  Canada  ;;ives  facilities  for  them.  For  instance,  in  l-it.'i 
our  imports  of  wheat  from  Canadaunderourtaritl' amounted,  accord- 
in;;  to  our  oClicial  statistics,  to  <»nly  .S".".*!,.')"'"^,  while  onr  exports  to 
lier  wi^ro  of  tlie  value  of  !ii(i»,U70,l()7  in  {{old.  A  certain  class  of 
theorists  may  think  they  detect  in  this  a  very  favorable  balance  of 
fraile.  In  reality  it  represents  how  much  of  onr  wheat  wasexported 
to  Euroiielty  Canadian  routes.  Tlieenlar;;ementsiiowinprogressoii  the 
Canadian  canals  will  force  public  attention  to  these  facts.  We  ought 
to  bo  [ireparod  to  meet  them  in  advance.  Wlien  our  ports  wore  open 
to  the  free  admission  of  Canadian  wheat  our  forwardtMs  and  mer- 
chants and  their  emidoy^'s  reaped  the  prolits.  There  was  also  a  local 
bcnetiti  to  our  millers  and  many  communities.  Thus  when  I  speak 
of  a  liberal  policy  I  <lo  not  mean  that  of  self-destruction  or  sacrifice 
of  our  own  interests,  but  one  in  which  the  benetits  of  mutual  profit 
are  recogni/ed,  a  belief  with  which  tho  issues  of  individual  and  na- 
tional well-being  are  most  intimately  connected,  and  that  short- 
sigiffed  view — the  most  pernicious  and  perhai)s  tho  most  common  of 
all  political  errors — that  the  gain  of  one  man  or  nation  must  bo  the 
loss  of  another,  is  discarded. 

WHAT  I'liOTECTION'  MAV   HE  IN  CANAHA. 

Besides  the  additions  to  our  direct  exports  and  the  increase  in  the 
sales  of  our  manufactures  both  to  Canada  and,  through  a  better 
supply  of  raw  materials,  to  other  countries,  which  might  be  secured 
by  means  of  a  fair  treaty  of  commerce  with  Canada,  other  points  de- 
mand our  consideration.  Year  after  year  the  Canadians  have  con- 
tinued their  liberal  treatment  of  our  trade  ami  manufactures  in  the 


! 


I 


21 

Iioi'i"  tliiii  tin-  wlii.'i-  Hv>ti'in  of  ronimorro  minlit  li.'  rcinotlcliil  )•«>• 
twtTii  us  witli  <1>U'  n';iiu»l  to  tlit>  ifih  est!!  of  liiilli  roiiiitiitw.  Imt  iii« 
(•it«'tl  l»y  our  liii -'•  'xiior'ttioiid  rU*'  luote^'tiouist  tlieorios  j{ro\v  yeiuly 
btioiigir  ami  Htronjit  '  in  Cauudn  iMl'l  if  Iut  people  should  jiilopt  a 
sy-truiof  what  art'  si»iii»'Oiii<'sialletl  "r<(  jMocal  tluticH,"  tharyiiin  ou 
our  pKMluclioiH  tlio  Hauic  diiii's  as  wc  lovy  oli  licr^.  tho  n-sult  wouM 
Ito  niiufius  and  alinowt  proliihitory  on  our  exports  to  lu'l',  If.  mi  the 
otlifr  Iiaml,  tlic  I»oiiiiiiioii  sliotilil  rriu-vv.  as  i.s  soinctinii's  sM;;i;.str.|, 
a  cloicr  coiiiu'ctioii  witli  (Jivat  liritaiu,  thf  llit'l''  l>rt\vot'ii  thoso  two 
couiitrit's  nii^^lit  brcomo  an  froi-  and  uiitraninielfd  as  It  in  botwofu 
all  the  .Stat«'H  of  our  own  Union.  In  this  event  it  wouiil  manifestly 
lie  inipoHHJlile  to  elieek  HMUinuHn^'  on  an  enormous  scale  from  the 
l)uniinioii  into  the  I'nited  States.  The  diriieiilties  already  ;iltendin!4; 
a  iiin]ier  snrveillanoo  of  onr  northern  frontier  wore  lately  deserihed 
Ity  the  Seeretary  of  the  Treasury  as  Itein^'  in  some  resjiecis  iiisiir- 
moiintahjo.  In  the  eoiititiyeney  to  whieh  I  have  alluded  an  a<lditioii 
of  several  thonsanils  of  men  to  our  revenue  service,  with  the  aceom- 
panyiiig  expense,  would  not  hiilliee  to  prevent  a  vast  illicit  trade, 
with  deUMU'ali/ing  etlV'cIs  on  onr  ]ieu]de  and  iiieulenlahle  injury  to 
our  rcNenue. 

(■U.S(  l.l>Ili\. 

T  lo(dc  forward  to  that  time  in  the  not  di^lant  future  wlnii  a  truly 
frati'rnal  c(unity  shall  prevail  thr(ui;4hout  this  continent  from  that 
liahitahle  part  of  it  whieh  is  in<aiest  the  arctic  rej^ions  to  the 
tropics,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  I'acilic  Ocean;  and  when  this 
sentinu'iit  shall  liiul  its  JK\tiiial  exi)ression.  not  in  lawh'ssanddesolat- 
in^j;  lililinsteiiii;;  ex  1  ted  it  ions  or  hostile  ininadsof  any  kind,  Imt  he  mani- 
fested ami  eontiunally  increased  hy  those  peaceful  cxchan;?es  of  thl^ 
produ<ts  of  human  indnstiy  whi<'h  yield  prolitahle  employnient  and 
make  liomes  happy.  Natun*  herself  in  the  varieties  of  eliniafe  and 
restuirees  has  provided  for  this  plan  hy  permanent  and  henelicial  laws 
against  which  we  make  our  temporary  and  destructive  statutes. 
From  such  a  <'ontinental  jind  truly  Anu'riean  system,  we  who  oeeu]ty  a 
central  i)osit ion  het ween  the  North  ami  South  shouhiMot  oidy  satisfy 
our  needs,  hnt,  hy  hiing  the  merchants  ami  carriers  for  our  nei;>h- 
hors  on  hoth  sides  derive  larger  profits  than  any  of  them.  .^.•au^t^ 
in  i»o)mlation  and  powt'r  wt^  are  the  foremost  luUionof  the  continent, 
it  he(;(imes  our  duty  to  ourselves  and  to  others  to  take  the  lead  in  giv- 
ing practical  develoiunent  tothe  hoimties  which  Providence  has  placed 
witliiu  our  reiU'h.  The  lirst  step  toward  its  attainment  is  hy  ascer- 
taining definitely  througn  inquiries  made  hy  etHeieiit  ami  reliahlo 
commissioners  how  far  we  can  extend  onr  commercial  relations  with 
Canada,  whose  people  and  government  'i>vite  us  not  less  hy  their 
Rtahle,  intelligen*,  'U'.d  pv))gr(ssi\e  .•har.';cter  tha  i  hy  tiio  assurances 
they  have  alrcaily  niifrt*  </r  less  {  uufdly  j/iie'i  n.-    Ot  I'U  alfairs  of  for- 


A^ 


22 

cign  policy  this  opportunity  of  cheapeniug  the  materials  of  our  man- 
ufactures and  extending  our  markets  is  the|mo8t  important  Next  to 
integrity  in  our  Government  and  the  preservation  of  our  liberties,  no 
subject  more  deeply  concerns  the  interests  of  the  people.  My  motion 
is  simply  for  the  appointment  of  a  commission  of  inquiry.  It  is  so 
far  as  I  know  unanimously  approved  by  the  leading  commercial  and 
business  men  of  the  country  without  distinction  of  party,  and  should 
meet  with  the  same  just  consideration  from  both  parties  in  this  House. 


^ 


•    I       • 


•v* 


